General
Gibney, John, The Irish Diaspora (Pen and Sword History, 2021)
North America
Akenson, Donald H., The Irish Diaspora: a primer (QUB: Institute of Irish Studies, 1996)
Bade, Klaus, Migration in European History (Blackwell Publishing, 2003)
Blethen, H. Tyler, Ulster and North America; transatlantic perspectives on the Scotch Irish (1997)
Blethen, Tyler, and Curtis W. Wood, Jr., Ulster and North America: Transatlantic Perspectives on the Scotch-Irish (University of Alabama Press, 1997)
Blethen, Tyler, and Curtis W. Wood, Jr., Ulster to Carolina: The Migration of the Scotch-Irish to Southwestern North Carolina (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1998)
Bolton, Charles Knowles, Scotch-Irish Pioneers in Ulster and America (Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967)
Bric, Maurice, Ireland, Philadelphia and the Reinvention of America, 1760–1800 (Four Courts Press, 2008)
Doyle, David N., Ireland, Irishmen, and Revolutionary America (Mercier Press, 1981)
Fitzgerald, Patrick and Steve Ickringill, Atlantic Crossroads: Historical connections between Scotland, Ulster and North America (Colourpoint Books, 2001)
Fitzgerald, Patrick and Brian Lambkin, Migration in Irish History 1607–2007 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)
Fitzpatrick, Rory, God’s Frontiersmen: The Scots-Irish Epic (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989)
Ford, Henry Jones, The Scotch-Irish in America (Princeton University Press, 1915)
Griffin, Patrick, The People with No Name: Ireland’s Ulster Scots, America’s Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689–1764 (Princeton University Press, 1999)
Hofstra, Warren (ed.), Ulster to America: The Scots-Irish Migration Experience, 1680–1830 (The University of Tennessee Press, 2012)
Houston, Cecil James and William James Smyth, Irish Emigration and Canadian Settlement: Patterns, Links, and Letters (University of Toronto Press and Ulster Historical Foundation, 1990)
Leyburn, George C., The Scotch-Irish in America: A Social History (University of North Carolina Press, 1962)
Lockhart, Audrey, Some Aspects of Emigration from Ireland to the North American Colonies Between 1660 and 1775 (Arno Press, 1976)
McDonnell, Frances, Emigrants from Ireland to America, 1735-1743: A Transcription of the Report of the Irish House of Commons Into Enforced Emigration to America (Genealogical Publishing Company, 1992)
Miller, Kerby A., Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (Oxford University Press, 1985)
Miller, Kerby A., Arnold Schrier, Bruce D. Boling and David N. Doyle, Irish Immigrants in the land of Canaan, 1675–1815 (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Moody, T.W., ‘The Ulster Scots in Colonial and Revolutionary America’, part I &II, in Irish Historical Studies, vol. xxxiv, no. 133 (Mar. 1945) and vol. xxxv, no. 137 (Mar. 1947)
Stephenson, Jean, Scotch-Irish Migration to South Carolina, 1772 (Rev. William Martin And His Five Shiploads Of Settlers) (Washington, 1971)
Truxes, Thomas M., Irish-American Trade, 1660–1783 (Cambridge University Press, 1988)
Truxes, Thomas M., Letterbook of Greg and Cunningham, 1756–57: Merchants of New York and Belfast (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Weaver, Jack W. and Deegee Lester, Immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland: A Guide to Archival and Manscript Sources in North America (Greenwood Press, 1986)
Wokeck, Marianne, Trade in Strangers: The Beginning of Mass Migration to North America (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999)
Other resources and websites
The Scots in Ulster: Surname Map and Pocket History (Ulster Historical Foundation, Ulster-Scots
Agency and Tourism Ireland, 2008)
www.ancestryireland.com/scotsinulster/
www.ulstervirginia.com
www.1718migration.org.uk/s_home.asp
Booklets (Ulster Scots Community Network)
Note: All of these USCN titles can be downloaded free of charge as PDF files from the Ulster-Scots Community Network: www.ulster-scots.com/publications
The Ulster-Scots and New England: Scotch-Irish foundations in the New World
Ulster and Canada: Ulster-Scots and the making of modern Canada
Ulster and Pennsylvania: Ulster-Scots and ‘the Keystone State’
Ulster and Tennessee: The Ulster-Scots contribution to the making of ‘the Volunteer State’
When Ulster Sailed West: The Ulster-Scots contribution to the making of the United States
Populist/biographies
McReynolds, Alister, Kith and Kin: The Continuing Legacy of the Scotch-Irish in America (Colourpoint
Books, 2013)
McReynolds, Alister, Legacy: The Scots Irish in America (Ambassador Publications, 2009)
Some Terminology
Indentured Servant
An indentured servant was an immigrant who worked in servitude in the ‘New World’ to pay their passage, at the end of which they often received a minimum start capital and/or a piece of land. Indentured servitude could be viewed as a form of temporary slave labour. It was not identical to slavery, because the employer owned only the labour of the contractual partner for a set period of time, and not the person outright. Most indentured servants remained in the country after working off their debt and became de facto immigrants, due to the fact that the system was generally a one-way ticket overseas. Transported convicts/prisoners, and redemptioners (see below) who were unable to come to adequate arrangements to pay off their passage, were often sold as indentured servants.
Drawn from Migration in European History by Klaus Bade
Redemptioner
Immigrants in the redemptioner system were also obliged to repay [as indentured servants were] the cost of their passage overseas through labour, either their own or their children’s. But at the end of the transatlantic voyage, they were no longer faced with arbitrary auctions where their labour contracts, and indirectly they themselves, were offered to the highest bidder. Redemptioner servants, also called ‘free-willers’ to distinguish them from indentured servants, and deported prisoners, were instead given about two weeks after arriving on-board to negotiate with employers or their agents a way to repay their debt, either by drawing up a work contract of their choice, having the debt paid off by a guarantor, or seeking help from friends and relatives. However the willingness or material means of relatives or friends to pay off the redemptioners’ debts or to vouch for them was often grossly overestimated. If no solution was negotiated within the time limit the contract dealer or captain could sell the redemptioner … as an indentured servant. … The redemptioner system was the means by which ordinary people could emigrate, that is, the proletarian and landless classes who had nothing to sell to finance their dreams except a few years of their labour and their lives.
Migration in European History by Klaus Bade, pp 84–5
Remittances
Money earned or acquired by immigrants that was sent back to their country of origin. This money was used to bring out other members of the family, in successive waves, a system often referred to as chain migration, or the monies might be used to support an impoverished family back home in Ireland.